A01

Dialogue/speech 
is a conversation in a drama or a narrative. It is also a verbal conversation in a film or television dram between two or more characters.
Scripted material 
scripted material refers to where action and dialogue are acted out just as they are written in the script.
Unscripted 
is where unplanned material is used/ without a script being used, normally freestyle performances on the spot. This is also when actors go off the script and they imprivse any acting material.
Music 
is vocals or instrumentally composed, and put together to produce harmony and express emotions.
Theme tunes
is a sound motif that is used to represent a particular programme, it is normally a piece of music written for a radio programme, TV programme or film, which is normally played at the start and end with titles with credits. Additionally the main themed music for a film soundtrack.
Music beds 
is part of a jingle or a whole part of a jingle where vocals are not used, and also refers to inessential music in in a section film. usually with the intention of creating a particular emotional response.
Pre-existing music
is music that is already existent/ music composed or written by somebody else, which you would have to get permission for to cover any copyright issues.
Specially composed music
is any music that has been created for a specific used e.g. in a film by an orchestra or piano etc. that is unique/ original.
Sound effects
are sounds that explain action (onomatopoeia sound) such as in a fighting scene you may hear sound effects such a the crunching on the knuckles and the slaps and the booming sound against the crashing of the falling/ injured person. These are often create by a foley artist. A foley artist is sound effects which is added in post production. These sounds are used to create a realistic effect/ a sense of reality within the scene by the use of the sound elements.  Without these fundamental background sounds scenes will seem unnaturally quite making the sound unrealistic.
Wild Tracks
are an audio recording sound intended to be synchronised with a film or video.
Silence is a quite/ absence of sound which is used to attracts attention of a specify audience and is normally used in a horror genre film to create tension and suspense. Wildtracks are often recorded on a film set for a particular diegetic sound elements within the scene which are un effiecntly well represented in the main location recording in the scene e.g. footsteps that might to be well recorded, window and door latches, electrical applicant, cutting tools etc. Room tone is part of this process.


In the following task I will be focusing on 7 elements for the reason of a composed/ piece of music/ sound that has been used in a film of TV programme. They are:

• Explain action
• Reinforce emotion
• attract attention
• to set a time period
• to give coherence between shots
• to identify a programme
• effect on a specific audience

Sound that explains action is sound that has been represented though the visual elements such as in a horror film a door creak sound may be used to show the action of someone is near this would create suspense and tension, this particular sound element may also attract the audiences attention and have a specify effect on a specific audience. 

Sounds that reinforce emotions are sound elements that have been used to evoke a certain mood/ express a certain emotion on the audience and on the characters within the scenes for example a piece of soft toned/ low pitch piano composed music may be played to make the audience feel sympathy for the character which could reinforce the emotion of sadness. 

Sounds that attract attention are sound elements that engage the audience to keep on watching/ a piece of music that grabs there attention such as silence may be used to create and convoy a certain mood that will grab the audience attention then followed with a loud symbol or crashing sound. 

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Sounds that set a particular time period are sound elements that define a historical or modern period and make it recognisable to the audience by the sound elements being represented such as old fork horn and folk music will be suggested an an old era in comparison to more synthesised sounds and upbeat tempos suggest a more modern day age. 

Sound which gives coherence between shots comprises sound elements that are used when visual cuts are not clear bringing them together with use of sound for example in Western films at a gun off, sound may be used to give coherence between shots such as the close-ups of the eyes and the shot of the hand on the gun back and forth to each character. 

Sound which identifies a programme are sound elements that make it recognisable to the audience which the sound elements are the same throughout such as The Simpsons or BBC news used the same sound motif, in which when the audience hears it they can easily identify the programme. 

Sounds that have a specific effect on a specific audience are sounds that have an impact on the viewers such as scenes that make people jump by the use of silence and a explosive loud sound remotely afterwards. 

I have included the following reasoning when analysing and looking at the following abstracts and the justification for the use. 

Film

Let Me In

Let me in Horror Movie:

The intro of the film starts with a heartbeat that has a low based register that sounds like a deep drumming sound which sets an eerie and tense mood. This is having an effect on the horror audience, because they understand the horror conventions, the deep drum and eerie music is a media code which connotes danger. The audience de-code this as they understand the code. The code also represents a heartbeat, somebody's life is in danger. Then a foghorn is introduced and adds a sincere ambience and suggests space and isoloation and hazard. The weather comes in of wind, which suggests danger, hazard then a police car sound fazed/ blends in, which attracts the attention of the higher pitched of the sirens, and by theses elements help us to identify the genre. This remains in a wide shot with the sirens in the background which shows that they are dealing with the matter/ taking action. The police and ambulance are zooming/ you can hear  the reving of the engine and the slush against the road.



Also you can hear the window wipers which shows the bad weather conditions/ explains the action within the shots/scenes.



After this scence you hear arractic breathing and cutting of scissors which shows/ connotes somebody is injured and they they are attending. This is between unscripted dialogue in speech, we hear physical limbs moving with struggle, like jurking sounds and heavy breathing. The Dialogue explains the actions before we see it and is official in what is happening, which has a certain effect which has a sense of authenticity. These sound effects has attract the audience attention and has an effect on the specific audience as we start to question what has happened? who is it? how are they hurt? etc. The heavy breathing sound could connote that they are in need of oxygen which further could suggest they that are close to dying.



The metallic handcuffs sound grabs our attention, the struggle of the person give coherence between shots , this gives the explanation to the shots which are difficult to desire as we are still questioning as an audience with the sound elements used, still has an effect on us as an audience as we are still questioning by the secrecy of the un-identifiable of the people in the sound. furthermore the sound elements are used to explain action and attract our attention within the shots. The sound elements are used to give coherence between shots as there is hardly any dialog use which also could show the genre by the secret elements which are used in horror genres.

The sound gives us a clear understanding as the visual actions are unclear. You hear a guttural gasp which shows his close to dying, which also show coherence. The emotional effects in the scene are being reinforce with sound.  Low-key lighting is used , and silhouettes forms are used which sets a dark setting and shows the genre and creates a scary and dearing atmosphere.  You would also expect to hear sound elements such as screams, heartbeats, heavy breathing etc. which further builds tension and has an effect on the specific audience. The stylic conventions in a horror film is that you would expect to see low key lighting with dark shadows. The low-key lighting contrasts against bright lighting and shows deep dark lighting, which further creates rich shadows that serves to establish a certain mood/ atmosphere. The lighting that you would be expected to see in Horror films could be similar to Film Noir as the lighting makes the dark expectations come alive. To convoy this in my horror trailer i used a black and white effect to create this dark effect to create a certain mood to my target audience. The stylic conventions is used as an effect on the audience to make them feel scared with low-key lighting. The type of shots that you would expect to see in a horror film are close-ups and slow movements to build suspense and something bad is going to happen, which is also used by layering music which helps explain the story by the audience can identify the story distinctively. Furthermore i feel that the elects which are used such as the dark lighting and the shadowing and the suspense and the intrigue of the sound elements does this and has an effect on the audience by reinforcing emotions which helps us identify the genre. 

In this show you hear the machine which engages his systems, ( that he is in critical condition and shows his vonrible state.) The whispered dialog explain the vulnerable and fragile nature of the situation which has an effect on the specific audience and attracts our attention by the whispered and the soft tones of the dialog and sound elements. The sound effects is being manipulated by an industrial sound which is of a deeper tone and echoes, furthermore this reinforces intention and fear, and making the audience feel unsettled. Then very high pitched instruments/ orchestra like sound is introduced which is a typical horror sound, which is specially composed music strings. The pulse rate increases, which attracts our attention and explains reasoning and reinforces the emotion and that his health is getting worse which puts us on edge. 

The Hurt Locker

The hurt locker is a war, drama film based in Iraq.

The soundtrack reinforces emotion by explaining the action and you can hear footsteps which creates tension . This has been filmed on a camcorder which is made to look realistic and show the scenery from a soldiers point of view. There is a voice over which is quite rushed and in Arabic language, which sounds anxious and creates a serious tone. Furthermore this garbs the audiences attention as we don't know what has been said which made us as an audience more intrigue. The tone is panicked and sounds scared, which further attracts our attention. The camera is rattled and you can hear faint noises, this sets the scene immediately and you assume it's a war scene. This identified the genre of the film and has an effect on the specific audience by the faint noises and the rattling sounds which connotes that have by hit/ attacked. Caterpillar vehicle tracks can be heard which sounds of crunching gravel, wild track; sound is recorded after the picture. Non-diegetic composed background music is used which has a deep base sound, elongated and slighting vibrating, this attracts our attention as we start to wonder what is happening and this explains the actions within the shots of vehicles moving to help the other soldiers, this could also connote that dark and something bad is going to happen. This reinforces emotion of panic, and death, mombing, fear, apprehension. Known and unknown coherence between shots are used such as; tracking shots of camera on vehicle from a 1st person feel, this sets a time period by the use of modern technology and the Arabic language put the viewers immediately in the modern war state.

Furthermore this attracts attention of the viewers of the call to prayer and music associates trouble early car horns, sirens connotes busy, populated and a sense of danger. Events has taken place which explains action in the scene. There are high pitched synthesized strings which connotes hazard, danger, trying to get attention, which identifies the genre and reinforces emotions and attracts the audience attention. Military operators dialog shows talking, however its hard to comprehend, which attracts our attention and gives coherence between shots of the dialog and the events happening within the scenes. This reinforces emotion of tension and the musical score changes the mood, which had an effect on the specific audience. You can hear heartbeat in background which suggests apprehension and has an effect on a specific audience which is un-nerving, unsettling. The army would not be there if there was no issues, which attracts our attention and has an effect of the specific audience, boots of soldiers overtake other noises, which further attracts the audiences attention. An ambulance sound connotes, injury, death and a morbid atmosphere which identifies the genre and has an effect on the audience. Scripted English/ American accents are used which now helps gives coherence between shots and helps us understand what's happened/ going on within the scenes. You can hear switches and winding of controls etc. which explains the actions. Near silence in the scene then we are introduced with a jet sound which suggest high war zone. Theses sounds are use to grab the audience attention by the near silence and the jet sound, the jet sound identifies the genre by the war zones that are taking place. Mechanic noises and singing muffled create an eerie mood and atmosphere which has a particular effect on the audience which attracts our attention. Manipulated sounds are used to build tension and as a jet flies over which adds more suspense. The tone in the dialogue is calm and there is banter between the characters, which suggests hope and has an effect on the audience as we know as an audience that something bad may happen which could identify the specific genre. Spen type sound embedded reinforces fear like ww2 air raids and exaggerated pushing noises are made.

Fictional Television Programme 

Ripper Street

Horror/thriller/ drama

http://www.bbc.co.uk/i/p00wk6ps/

 At the opening of this drama there are sounds of wheels on the pebbles from the horse and carriage which sets a period dialog, the music also sets the period because of the sincere sounding of strings. The bell of a church blends in the deep bass which emphasises, we associate that with fear and dark situations/ dark events. Cars normally hide the conversation but in this the conversation of the villagers are loud, which grabs the audience attention. In comparison to nowadays you would only hear this type of noise from market stools, which also defines the time period in which this is set. The bell is like an alarm, which could connote that death is on the way. This particular sound elements grabs the audiences attention and reinforces emotion. There is use of fire crackling and snapping sounds in the background, and the sound of damp footsteps, this makes the audience weary when watching this scene, this also gives coherence between shots and explains action of the fire by heat and warmth within the shot. This with the colour pallet of red and black tones creates a sincere and dark atmosphere, sounds used is helping the texture of the dialog and set the genre. Then we get to a fighting scene, there is a war drum that is repetitive which connotes the extreme violence in process, we hear cracking and crushing sounds to show the violence and the impact of the punches. This grabs our attention and explains action within the shot. There are discrete wild tracks of a suttle bottle sipping which adds to the tension of the scene and explains action. As the characters moves within the scene there is post production sound design of a lantern creaking which adds to tension and creates suspension between the audience and what is going to happen in the scene. Then we are introduce to a fiddle which shows the emotion of sadness, the score is underrating and returning with a crescendo returning from the fight back to the character, the sound elects used give coherence between shots. We hear a sting with bass,  that sounds like a creaking door which is a emotional effect of danger, this also creates a unsettling atmosphere with us on ease with the grating high pitched whistle noise. This could also connote that somebody has been murdered. We hear synathises music just before the titles which leaves us on a cliff hanger with folk sound of traditionalism of strings and bass which is the music of the regions/ in that time period. Deep sounds of wheels over cobles which is muffled to make us feel like we are inside the carriage/ and part of the scene. You hear old photography flashes which is sharp and used for crime scenes creating coherence between shots of the black and white pictures, the flash bulb canvases a media curiosity of unpleasant pictures that would be used for the papers and for the investigation. Throughout this drama they use low-key lighting which works collectively with the musical instruments and the sound effects that are used which creates a dark atmosphere and identifies the dialog and the genre of this programme in which the audience connects with.

Call the Midwife

http://www.bbc.co.uk/i/b01q9xlp/

Upbeat intro music is used at the intro which includes classical string instruments to set a time period and to help identify the genre, this is wide reaching and you can hear its in a popular place by the use of sound elements such as factory whistles, industrial place, this is also used to set the time period, the setting is by a doc with the sound of boats horns and seagulls. The speakers voice- over is retrospective by looking back in a older voice, anyone who is their 60's- 90's who could be the primary target audience who has been through this era. The music in a montarge sequence which gives coherence and diverse to the varied shots to have an effect on the time period. They will identify the sound of anyone relating to the events- identification of the audience, reminisce with the scenes. The bike cycle bells and cobbled roads, the music is vercullar which sounds like a vehicle. Factory whistle shows works starting. The fragility of the voice identifies a well spoken accent in a formal speech dialog identifying their status and also identifying the time period, furthermore this could also identify the genre of a period drama by the mise-en- scene and the sound elements such as the bike and the noises setting the scene and the location.

Sound of shoes on pavement are heard in the scene attracting the attention of the audience , you can hear the old movie turning and clicking and the speech sounds like a musical. This sound elements identifies the time period and explains actions with in the scene/ songs of the period being reinforced to set the period. You hear books, paper turning which these sounds are used to set the time period with no technology used. Dialog is explaining the status and language which is also explaining the time period. We don't hear phones, technology which sets time period. You hear the invention which the sound of the gas and the mask explains that the gas is going into her exploratory system showing the dialog/ which is used to explain action. The accent is posh which shows the education. There is a slight silence but with the distant echo's of children reminding that we are in the east end which the silences shows suspense and that the man has authority, this also attracts the audiences attention by the silence. Silence also identifies awkwardness, applerance us reality the lack of dialog because we are seeing things quite shocking, furthermore this sound element is reinforcing emotions and having an effect on a specific audience, this may have an effect on the audiences of woman who are abused to see their problems dealt with, carriage in the space of despair, fragile and vulnerable voice- working class is spoken is used to give coherence between shots.  

Merlin

http://www.bbc.co.uk/i/dw376/

The music is setting a magical and supernatural tone, the voice of a character whispers something which creates a eerie, dark, mysterious of enchantment of the spells performed which immediately shows the genre and the period in where they believed in magic. Wooden bridging for planks of wood setting time period in medieval times, cart carrying body, with harp music playing which shows the emotion and has an effect of the audience. The setting of this is set in a less populated area you hear birds, squeaking door, echoing spaces, sounds of stone, which sets the scene of medieval architecture. Silence is represented which attracts audience attention. Sting of music explaining action attracting the audience, something evil/ something bad is happening. Fantasy- music score- dark, another sting rising pace of the sound of marching drums- soldiers marching, bubbling of the liquid grabs our attention -sets time period. Chemical process  identifies the programme- magical and fantasy genre, we hear books, we know book knowledge was powerful- everyone read from books there was no technology, which sets the time period.

Magical chimes sound of a xylophone sound is used in the background, layering shimmering strings with a rising pitch is used attracting the audience's attention, deep sound of the book 'boom' sound which is a music sting has been used to explain the action within the scene. An open view shit of the  characters have been used to show suspicion who is still in room which creates tension and reinforces emotion of the characters/ of fear, the sound works with the CGI effects, the cape is moving because he used magic and the sounds expresses that, furthermore explaining action and attracting the attention of the audience. The xylophonic notes increases tension and Merlin is in a incontrollable level with the sound that change in register which shows that he is in control of the situation and as an audience we have an effect of relief.



Factual Television


African Congo

Africa Congo:
In the opening of this factual programme: there are drums to establish the country and the cultural which is explaining the action, the sound is natural and a mystical quality which sounds alive like  another worldliness and a supernatural tribal sound. There are synthesized strings with drums to establish the African content, the drums are used to attract our attention. You can hear birds in the tress, the dialogue and speech of the voice over establishes the programme , with a soft voice which is distinctive, the wild tracks identify the programme and the genre. The music identifies the nature of the programme- peace and nature which sound fanatical, mystical in which the audience engages in. You can hear insects which are high pitched, this could connote danger and danger from the change of music which grabs our attention which also has been used to gives coherence between shots of the loveliness of the jungle and the unpleasantness'. The sound effects of the insects sounds horrible like sticky noises which are microphoned sound effects which has been projected, furthermore this has been used to grab our attention as we look at them from a micro view, on the other hand we are seeing them on what they are like, this has an effect on the audience and keeping us focused. Wild tracks explaining the density on the jungle, sounds like a tree branch, leaves and spikey sounds and explaining the nature of the bodies, which is building tension, crawling sound have been used to make the jungle sound alive which has an effect on the audience and attracts our attention. The score is building up with a synthesised sound - predator sounds enhances and accentuates and brings out the fullest of the sounds in what the animals are making domestic wood sounds identifying that the trees are moving as animals move on them. Reinforcing emotional music unnicefulness, we get near silence which builds tension of a shot a flower which is fragile which makes a rustling, sliding sound explaining the action with the sounds as it blossoms open and grabs our attention, the gentle notation has been used to explain the fragile and beauty of the jungle.

 The dialog is calm intention, hitch, quality of his voice is calm and echoed which is reinforcing emotions, and also is having trust on the audience, as we believe what is being told/ authenticity and being verified  by the narrative . Bees wings has been manipulated to sound like fairy wings, theorical world, calm sound corresponding to the nature, the key changes in score echoing and sounding hollow of the bees in a tree making honey, this sound effect has also been used to give coherence between shots as we are now being introduced to a new animal. There are monkey sounds and shots which has been used, this reinforces emotional danger explaining the forest floor of bio dialobility of the tree breaking and snapping off, bashing of the tree, wild track of the honey being licked off the monkeys fingers/ hands.


Series 3 Dynasty:

http://www.bbc.co.uk/i/74kyy/

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4DmIA3SHMXs

At the opening of this, is composed with a low synthesis music, this music has a serious tone harsher and harder sounds which is creating a dark atmosphere, furthermore this attracts the audiences attention and reinforces emotions. The composed music could also reflect the time period and allows the audience to identify the programme. The music srarts to get slightly upbeat when Simon Schama talks about 'a young kind, brave and carasmatic who who stopped the anakey', the music tempo/ durration has changed to reiforce emotions. Then there are a fast strings then a low lenghty note which attarcts the audience attentio. A serious voice- over tone have been manipulated, which has an effect on the specifi audience and identifies the programme, sounds of birds of pray have been used foreshadowing of the danger ahead, furthermore which has been used to give coherence between shots. Replaced by dark music, crescendo building up, music reflecting dialog which is setting a period, the music is more lively strings, authoritive voice which as the audience we feel trusting his academic strengths, magical charms setting a med-evil period, folk music is introduced which is traditionalism instrumentation which is symbolizing old Britain as people knew it. We hear woman singing, the sounds of harps and strings in a minor chord which sounds echoic which is building tension, bird of pray explain the violence nature. Very low percussion sounds are used, then we are introduced to a moment of silence than a female voice breaks to show the religion and the power in which the audience connect with as they look back at a period of time. Furthermore the use of silence grabs our attentionthan we are introduced with a diegetic sound of Simon Scama talking into the camera, this has an effect on the specific audience as we engage in what he isn telling us about the historical past. Peaceful soft choir sounds and sounds layering of waves splashing are used to exmplain action, underneath there is a deep, slow choir sound which is having an effect on the specific audience. Minor chords sound are used mainly thoughout this episode which is reinforcing emeotion and having an effect on the audience. There is a deep and harsh sound of door slam, which is used to give coherence beteen shots as the camera then focuses inside the historical and med-evil castle. The singing sound sounds harmonic which attracts the audience attention. The voice-over has an effect on the audience by using intellictual language, when explaning the time period, furthermore this identifies the genre/ programme by the content and the langauge, this will appeal to a certain demographic audience. The sound of church bells are used to explain the action of the bells ringing, underneath is a deep and slow choir sound which is having an effect on a specific audience and reinforcing emotions.